Harvey A.K. Whitney Award Lectures

The Power of Mentorship

Special Acknowledgements and expressions of gratitude…

Let me begin with a few words of thanks.

First, to Dan Ashby, a sincere note of heartfelt appreciation, not just for your kind words, but also for your friendship throughout my career as well as your willingness to represent past Whitney recipients this evening.

Paul Parker, to whom I am dedicating this lecture…my mentor and the 1967 recipient of the Whitney Lecture Award. I am filled with emotion knowing that this evening, here at the Whitney Lecture podium, I am standing in the exact same spot as Paul did 59 years ago.

Louise, my girlfriend of 56-plus years (oh, by the way, we have been we have been married for nearly 51 of those 56 years!)…my partner in life, best friend, staunchest supporter, and always at my side. Je t’aime!

To my family…children Allyson, Jacob, Philip, and Matthew, and our three daughters-in-law Gillian, Nicole, and Michaela [Paraphrasing James Barrie, “God gave us children so we would have roses in December.” Now in the winter of my life, I get to witness the beauty of those roses in full bloom.]. Together they have provided us with 13 beautiful grandchildren. And my 7 brothers and sisters…Paula, Andrea, Monique, Nicole, and Ernest, who are present here this evening, as well two who are with us in spirit: our brother Norman who is severely disabled and sister, Janice, who serves as caretaker to her disabled husband. To all, thank you, so much, for everything you have done and continue to do to enrich my life. I love you all. I know Mum and Dad are filled with joy looking down from the heavens above.

To the many colleagues with whom I served at ASHP and the universities of Iowa, Rhode Island, and Kansas. My sincerest thanks for all you did to bring purpose and meaning to my professional journey. Ours was and will forever be a shared success. In that spirit I hope you can take some measure of joy in knowing that a portion of this evening’s award belongs to you.

I have been influenced and inspired by the exceptional contributions of a goodly number of past recipients of this award, including many here this evening. I am deeply humbled and grateful to them, as the Selection Committee, for considering me worthy of this distinction.

And finally, I want to express my heartfelt appreciation to Jannet Carmichael and Thomas Johnson for leading my nomination along with strong support from Gary Milavetz, Milap Nahata, Kristina Ward, and Derek Grimm.

 

Meeting my mentor…

I first met Paul Parker in December 1975 at the ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting (MCM) in Washington, D.C. The MCM was substantially smaller in those days. According to ASHP records registrants at that meeting numbered nearly 3000. I was attending the meeting at the behest of one of Louise’s cousins, Paul Davignon, who, as an officer in the U.S. Public Health Service, headed up Pharmacy Services for the National Cancer Institute (NCI).  He had visited family in Massachusetts the month before and, at the invitation of Louise’s Dad, we got together to chat about my future professional plans. In a nutshell, Louise and I, who were newlyweds, owned two acres of land on the far side of my hometown near the lakes, and I was intent on serving my community by working as a pharmacist in the sole pharmacy in our town.  The owner of the pharmacy had hired me as a clerk at the age of 12 ½ in the summer of ’65. I grew to love community pharmacy, and I deeply wanted to emulate Manny Lima, the pharmacist on staff who encouraged me to pursue Pharmacy. He was revered by everyone in town for his knowledge and professionalism. My impression of hospital pharmacy at that time was not a favorable one. As a student pharmacist I had been to three Boston Hospital pharmacies…all in the basement, all littered with large boxes of drugs, and all staffed by a very limited number of pharmacists who interacted only with nurses to dispense bulk medications and never with physicians or patients. During our conversation Paul Davignon informed me of this new wave called ‘clinical pharmacy’ that was catching on in some hospitals across the USA and urged me to consider going to Washington, D.C. to attend the upcoming ASHP MCM.  I was in disbelief about the so-called ‘hospital clinical pharmacy wave’, but out of respect I agreed to travel to D.C. to attend the MCM since he offered to put me up at his home in Maryland as well as provide one of his NCI staff passes to me so I could gain admittance to the meeting. Louise and I were newlyweds and had limited resources, but we managed to scrounge together the airfare.

Mid-day through the final day of the meeting I walked past a series of table-top displays. Unbeknownst to me these were promotions for residency programs. One display especially caught my eye. It featured photos of beautiful thoroughbred horses. As I approached the table a bespectacled gentleman with a wide smile, who, by the way, had an uncanny resemblance to a childhood favorite, Howdy Doody, said to me: “Hi! My name is Paul Parker. Are you interested in our residency program?”  I looked at him squarely in the eye and responded: “What is a residency?” My query caused him paused, but he proceeded to share a bit about the program and the opportunities that existed. I was intrigued but not moved. As we chatted, I shared with him my own hopes and dreams. He asked about my schedule for the afternoon then did something that today might seem a bit odd, perhaps even offensive to some: He invited me to his room. As a small-town kid with little reservation, I took him up on his offer.

Later he shared with me that what prompted him to do so was the spark he witnessed in my eyes when I expressed the joy experienced while engaging with patients. Paul and I visited in his room for well over two hours. I had just met the man, yet his charm and genuine interest in my future evoked a disarming sense of trust and, surprisingly, thoughts of alternative career possibilities. Before we parted company, he called Alice Garten, his assistant at the University of Kentucky Medical Center, and asked that she mail promptly an application to their program.  During my journey home I thought of nothing other than my lengthy conversation with Paul Parker and the alternative world of hospital pharmacy of which I had known nothing. I was struck by how insightful, thoughtful, and respectful he was. And when I arrived home, the first thing I said to Louise was: “What would you think if I continued my education and training at the University of Kentucky?” Her response was plain and simple: “Where is Kentucky?” Two months later we were in Lexington both interviewing, Louise for a nursing position with the University of Kentucky Medical Center and me, for the Pharmacy Residency Program.

I was fortunate enough to gain admittance to UK’s three-year combined PharmD/Residency program, a program unlike any other in the country at the time. My years at UK served as the foundation for my decades-long close personal relationship with Paul Parker, my mentor.

[Note: As an aside, Don Francke served as Parker’s mentor and Francke was mentored by Harvey Whitney. So, I guess that would make Whitney my great grandfather-like mentor!]

 

Etymology of the word ‘mentor’…

As some of you are probably aware the word ‘Mentor’ finds its roots in Greek Mythology.

In Homer’s Odyssey, Mentor is a trusted, elderly friend of Odysseus, the King of Ithaca. Before leaving for Troy to fight in the Trojan War, Odysseus appointed Mentor to look after his palace and guide and protect his son, Telemachus. Odysseus engagement with the Trojan War ended up lasting nearly a decade. According to scholars, during Odysseus’ extended absence Mentor failed miserably in his assigned duties. He allowed Odysseus’s estate to sink into ruin and be overrun with unwanted suitors who bullied Telemachus and harassed his mother, Penelope.

Enter Athena, the goddess of wisdom, who, because of her mystical powers, is able to disguise herself as the mortal Mentor so she can offer divine wisdom to Telemachus. So, while Mentor, the mortal, gets credit, she was the one who actually encouraged Telemachus to stand up to the unscrupulous suitors and to travel to Pylos and Sparta to seek news of his father, thereby fostering his growth from a timid boy to a confident leader [Ref #1 & 2].

According to author, Maarten Brand, the story of Mentor does not stay in Greece after that. It evolves due principally to Louis XIV’s grandson, François Fénelon’s subversive 1699 novel, Les Aventures de Telemaque. Scribed during the Age of Enlightenment, this romanticized sequel to Homer’s Odyssey elevates Mentor into a symbol of wise and patient guidance.  In the words of Brand, “Mentor is an unpaid advice machine with zero fear of criticism and no interest in applause: just wisdom on tap”. The book was wildly popular at the time, so much so that by 1749, the word ‘mentor’ was adopted into French as a common noun, followed by English in 1750. From that moment on, Mentor wasn’t just a character from some long-forgotten era; it had become a role [Ref #3].

In The Chronicle of Evidence-Based Mentoring, Jean Rhodes notes in her publication, Who Exactly was Mentor?: A Stunning Revelation, “it is Fénelon’s Mentor, not Homer’s, that should be referred to when considering the popular environmental connotations that the word mentor now implies” [Ref #4].

 

The art of mentoring…

In The Art of Mentoring [Ref #5 & 6], author Mike Pegg begins with an interesting advertisement. It reads as follows:

MENTOR WANTED

• Must be both warm and wise.
• Must be able to both gain credibility and make people feel comfortable.
• Must be able to be challenging and also guide people to finding creative solutions.
• Must be both sage-like and streetwise.
• Must be able to create a demand for their services as a mentor.

Importantly, Pegg goes on to draw distinctions between mentoring, modelling, coaching, teaching, counseling, and advising since the terms are frequently intertwined. Indeed, there is no one size fits all when it comes to mentoring [Ref #5 & 6]. Allen and Eby in a series of essays queries ‘Is mentoring an art or is it science?’ to define how art and science are relevant to mentoring theory. They suggest that “it must be a balance of both art and science and note that, like all relationships, each mentor/protégé relationship will require a unique balance” [Ref #7]. Through my readings as well as years of observation and mentoring that ‘unique balance’ has most certainly been the case. It is clear to me that mentorship can indeed be achieved in a variety of ways…active or passive…formal or informal. The needs of each individual and the approaches one takes in addressing those needs are unique to each mentee. Many, perhaps most, are not as fortunate to have had the type of close, personal relationship that I experienced with Paul Parker. That said, there are fundamental qualities of a good mentor no matter the manner in which mentoring is delivered or received.

Highly accomplished teacher and author Kimberly Long identified several such qualities in a piece she scribed for Education Week [Ref #8].  She notes that “it starts with honesty, the foundation of any relationship, and respect, someone we admire, someone we may want to emulate…Good listening skills are essential and require an ability to pick up on both verbal and nonverbal clues to help synthesize what the mentee needs” [Ref #8]. When I was young, my Dad would remind us there was a reason we were born with one mouth and two ears: we were supposed to listen twice as much as we spoke.

Long also notes that “a safe environment is imperative recognizing the importance of permitting the mentee to be forthright without fear of a mentor being judgmental” [Ref #8]. She implores that “mentors must challenge mentees to expand their thinking often outside their comfort zone as well as seek collaboration knowing that doing so is mutually beneficial and serves to strengthen interpersonal bonds” [Ref #8]. Further, Long shares that “celebrating success, sometimes by offering even the smallest of compliments, can lift one’s spirits” [Ref #8]. And finally, empathy. “Mentees are human. Life is tough, and we’re all in it together…an ear, a smile and sometimes a hug goes a long way” [Ref #8]. Much to my chagrin, Paul Parker was not a hugger.

Pegg noted that “great mentors help people to take more control of their lives and find their own way to fulfillment” [Ref #5 & 6]. He espouses a structured framework called the 5 C’s of mentoring helping mentees focus on their challenges by identifying issues; making choices by exploring options; anticipating consequences by evaluating potential outcomes; seeking creative solutions through innovative approaches; and pursuing conclusions by committing to action [Ref #5 & 6].

While digesting the substance of Pegg’s writings a thought occurred to me: During my countless interactions with Paul Parker, he never lectured me. Rather, he always took a Socratic approach when attempting to get a point across. Instead of making declarative statements, Paul had the uncanny ability to always asked questions. I came to realize that he wanted me to work through things at my own pace, acknowledge my challenges, make my own choices, understand the consequences of those choices, seek creative solutions, and reach my own conclusions. Remarkable!

 

Impact of mentorship…

In the landmark Mirror to Hospital Pharmacy published in 1964, the authors speak directly about the importance of pharmacists teaching roles in training future pharmacists through residency programs.  They note, “it is teaching by precept, by guidance, by training both formal and informal. Historically and traditionally, it represents one the basic responsibilities which characterizes a profession” [Ref #9].

Looking back, I was extremely fortunate to have received my education and postgraduate training during what I consider to be the ‘Golden Era of Hospital Pharmacy’, the period that laid the foundation for today’s health-systems pharmacy practice. Automation, the patient-centered clinical movement, emerging specialization, and extraordinary advances in drug discovery, preparation, control, and delivery among other advances were all taking hold at the same time. Standards of practice were changing constantly and the need for sweeping educational reform created endless debate. And leading us from the fallow ground that pharmacy represented at the time to a new and promising future were some of the most forward-thinking individuals to have ever graced the halls of our profession…among them were Harvey Whitney, Don Francke, Edward Spease, Clifford Latiolais, Winston Durant, Sister Mary Gonzales, Grover Bowles, Donald Brodie, George Phillips, Herbert Flack, Milton Skolaut, George Archambault, and Paul Parker to name a few. By all accounts they were superb mentors…engaging intellectuals, caring human beings, receptive listeners, and transformational pioneers who strove to push the limits of our profession far beyond its traditional comfort zone. They demanded an uncompromising commitment to the highest professional ideals and, in so doing, were not afraid to ruffle feathers by challenging the status quo as evidenced by the following excerpt from the Mirror: “While medicine has continually increased its services, professionally and scientifically, pharmacy has not increased its professional services to the public nor its scientific services to the physician. Instead, pharmacy expanded its efforts into a wide array of activities—commercial activities which have nothing to do with the basic purpose of pharmacy’s existence” [Ref #9].

The legacy of these thought-leaders was defined in great measure by the legion of acolytes they mentored…their pharmacy residents…whom they nurtured as professionals, shaped their professional ideals, ignited their passions, modeled a strong work ethic, and exhibited the leadership skills needed to bring about meaningful change. They instilled principles, values, and professional aspirations that aligned with their vision of a new future for the profession of pharmacy. And each subsequent generation of residency graduates continued to espouse those same beliefs and build upon the successes of their predecessors. Indeed, each incremental step forward was a shared success.

When I applied to the University of Kentucky in 1975 there were only 74 pharmacy residency programs in the country. And when I finished my residency in 1979, I was one of only 281 residents nationwide to have completed their training that year [Ref #10]. In the ensuing years, our profession witnessed remarkable growth in the development of residency training programs due, in large part, to the resident protégées of those early pioneering mentors. Their residency graduates became agents of change. The Golden Era of Hospital Pharmacy had taken root as evidenced by the rapid proliferation of changes and advances in virtually every segment of our professional foundation…educationally, scientifically, technologically, and organizationally.

The correlation between the growth in residency programs and extraordinary advances in health-systems pharmacy is undeniable. I believe I am on firm ground when I state that residency graduates can lay claim to the fact that they contributed greatly to the tremendous progress achieved in health-system pharmacy over the course of the past 60+ years.

Today, our profession boasts 3100 accredited residency programs in various states of accreditation status comprising 1576 foundational PGY1 pharmacy practice residencies and 1524 PGY2 specialty training programs [Ref #10], by all accounts a truly remarkable achievement for which our profession should rightfully be proud.

When reflecting on those early pioneers I am reminded of their wisdom, strong moral compass, and selflessness. Their virtue is, perhaps, best summed up in the following metaphorical proverb: “Wise men plant trees that will provide shade they will never get to enjoy”.  Those thought-leaders were undoubtedly at the forefront of our profession’s Golden Era and the genesis of pharmacy’s great multiplier effect, an unquestionable indicator of their enormous success as mentors.

 

Challenges and concerns…

Like all health professions, the list of challenges facing pharmacy is a long one and never seems to abate. Make progress with one and another appears. Thankfully, while tackling challenges may frequently seem to be a daunting and unrelenting task, the fact is our profession has made tremendous progress over the decades on many fronts. Once again, a nod to mentors…those responsible for helping instill the moxie needed to be successful.

However, since change is a constant, we must remain resolute in our commitment to address our profession’s ongoing challenges. Doing so will require highly educated and trained professionals who are well-schooled in the foundational elements of our profession, who embrace the timeless principles of professionalism, and who commit to and abide by our covenant with humankind.  Pharmacy school curricula and postgraduate training need to continue to evolve. The demands on educators, practice preceptors, and those in pursuit of scholarly achievement will remain unrelenting, perhaps even more so, simply because of the enormous complexities of the systems in which we now deliver care.

How many times have we heard the expression “we are at a crossroads”?  I have heard the refrain so many times throughout my career that I have long wondered if there is a secret Pharmacy Road Atlas frustratingly hidden away somewhere that could provide direction and clarity. As Federico Garcia Lorca, renowned Spanish poet and playwright aptly observed, “I know there is no straight road in this world, only a giant labyrinth of intersecting crossroads”.

Adding to these challenges are generational changes in attitudes and beliefs and the relentless incursion of technology that all too frequently appears intent on dehumanization. It is this latter challenge that has me especially concerned.

I recognize all too well that advances in technology have and continue to provide enormous benefit to society especially in healthcare. However, as healthcare professionals we must remain vigilant in how and to whom technology is applied. We must not lose sight of the fact that, collectively, healthcare professionals are responsible for addressing the needs of the human condition…it is deeply imbedded in our ethos.

As Hannah Arendt, noted political scientist and philosopher, proffered in her 1958 book, The Human Condition, “The concept of the human condition refers to the shared experiences, emotions, and challenges that are common to all human beings, regardless of culture, race, or background. It encompasses both the positive and negative aspects of human existence, including joy, love, and fulfillment, as well as suffering, pain, and mortality. [Ref #11]

Incidentally, that responsibility applies not only to patients, but also to those whom we are entrusting to meet societal needs going forward…our professional progeny.

A recent report noted: “Amid a confidence crisis, Gen Z workers lack career mentorship…they don’t know where to turn for guidance, feel uncomfortable reaching out to others, and worry they’ll burden other busy adults”. [Ref #12] When asked about its importance, “84% said mentorship opens the doors to possibilities they wouldn’t have seen on their own”. [Ref #12] And when queried further about what they desire in a mentor, “young workers highlighted communication, empathy and honesty”. [Ref #12] Incidentally, let’s remind ourselves that our current residents and youngest practitioners are overwhelmingly comprised of Gen Zs.

With these thoughts in mind, I want to transition to what I believe is our greatest existential challenge: ‘AI’…artificial intelligence, or as I prefer to say, ‘almost intelligent’. Google ‘AI mentorship’…Stunning!

AI has already demonstrated that it can computationally regurgitate facts and figures faster than the human mind. And its integration in business domains has already taken hold. In various industries candidates are being interviewed through AI and critical decision making, including in healthcare, is increasingly dependent on AI at the expense of human intervention. Moreover, AI has, among many other abilities, the capacity to match mentors with mentees and facilitate virtual coffee chats as initial touchstones or occasional catchups. That said, I remain highly skeptical that artificial intelligence will ever be able to fully demonstrate innate emotion let alone reveal human compassion.

And let’s not forget that while AI may have been developed for the common good, there will always be those who are intent on utilizing its abilities for nefarious purposes. People with evil intent in the world can also be good mentors to their acolytes.

Hence, I approach AI with a jaundiced eye as it relates to the interface with the human condition and the potential impact it has on those whom we are responsible to guide…our understudies, our mentees. That’s not scientific skepticism; it’s a plea to acknowledge the importance of the human interface…the power of mentorship by humans not technology! In this regard, I am reminded about last year’s Whitney Lecturer Richard Church’s appeal to ‘harmonize human judgment with technological innovation’. In this call-to-action Church noted,” We must embrace and use technology to support and improve human connections rather than replacing it. Future technology, such as AI-driven diagnostics and advanced patient care algorithms, will provide new capabilities that are not possible today. However, not every patient fits perfectly into an algorithm. Human judgment is essential for interpreting data, understanding context and making decisions that are ethical, compassionate, and tailored to the patient’s values” [Ref.#13].

In his 1996 thought-provoking Whitney address, Searching for the Soul of Pharmacy, Bill Zellmer cited Thomas Moore’s Care of the Soul which defined soul as “not a thing, but a quality…[having] to do with depth, value, relatedness, heart, and personal substance”.  As Zellmer implored, “People want and need pharmacists with those characteristics—pharmacists with soul” [Ref.#14].   Pharmacy students and residents are human not automatons! They have and will continue to require a personal interface to succeed fully in an ever-increasing impersonal world. They need good mentors…people who are caring, who are good listeners, who can demonstrate empathy when warranted, who will provide sanctuary to discuss openly and honestly their needs, and who are committed to instilling those same fundamental principles, values, and professional aspirations borne to light by our pioneering thought-leaders. It is my firm belief that this is a key element to how our profession will continue to thrive and prosper.

Understandably, effective mentoring requires an ongoing time commitment. Time…a precious commodity in today’s fast-paced, technologically driven, ‘do-more-with-less’ environment. Indeed, expressed lack of time is most often cited as the source of the incongruity of human versus machine-driven mentoring.

Imagine what might have transpired had my first engagement at the residency display during the Midyear Clinical Meeting in 1975 had been with an AI-driven humanoid rather than someone like Paul Parker…I shudder to think.

The power of mentorship is not some abstract thought, it is real, it is a conviction grounded in the countless successes witnessed as the result of decades of pharmacists dedicated to sharing their wisdom, their knowledge, their passion for pharmacy and those whom we are responsible for serving. Acknowledging the power and importance of mentorship is the first critical step. Sustaining it will require resolve.

 

Toot-a-Loo, Paul…

My maternal grandfather died on my 18^th birthday. He and I were very close. He was a warm and engaging human being with a ready smile and welcoming hand no doubt influenced greatly by his French-Canadian roots. Among other things, he taught me how to play ‘cribbage’, a wonderfully engaging card game that served to create special memories between us. When we parted company, he always used the same refrain: ‘toot-a-loo!’, a homespun reference to “I’ll see you again”.  He never said the word ‘good-bye’. A man of deep religious faith, he believed ‘good-bye’ conveyed a sense of finality that cut against his belief in the joy of everlasting engagement with family and friends. The evening before he died, I visited with him in his hospital room. He knew he was dying but retained his ever-present spirit of optimism.  Before departing we kissed each other on the cheek and hugged. As I was leaving his room he simply smiled and said: ‘toot-a-loo’.

My Mum and others on my Mum’s side of the family took to saying the same refrain as my grandfather when parting company. Toot-a-loo…I’ll see you again.

Paul Parker died on May 13, 1998. It was a Wednesday. The Sunday before I had spoken by phone with Paul from Minneapolis where Joe Smith, former Director of Pharmacy at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia and 1988 Whitney Award recipient, and I had just arrived in advance of an accreditation site visit we were going to conduct. Paul, who was in his hospital room at UK Medical Center, and I spoke for quite a while. He had unfinished business he wanted to convey. I took notes and still have them to this day. Despite his physical decline his mind was sharp and as forward thinking as ever. I told him I was scheduled to fly to Lexington to see him when we finished up the survey on Wednesday. When I arrived in Lexington, I was met at the airport by Tom Foster. He shared with me that Paul had died while I was in flight. I never got to say good-bye.

So, this evening…to my dear friend and mentor, Paul Parker…toot-a-loo, Paul…toot-a-loo.

 

References…

1. ‎Grant MHJ. Gods and mortals in classical mythology. G&C Merriam Co; 1973.
2. Avery CB. The new century classical handbook. Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1962.
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4. Rhodes J. Who exactly was mentor?: a stunning revelation. The Chronicle of Evidence-Based Mentoring. Published May 26, 2025. Accessed May 1, 2026. https://www.evidencebasedmentoring.org/who-was-mentor-a-stunning-revelation-with-important-lessons/
5. Pegg M. The art of mentoring. Industrial and Commercial Training. 1999;31(4):136-142. Doi:10.1108/00197859910275683
6. Pegg M. The art of mentoring. Industrial and Commercial Training. 1999;31(4):136-142. doi:10.1108/00197859910275683
7. Reames EH, Searby L, Kochan FK. The art and science of mentoring : a festschrift in honor of Dr. Frances Kochan. Information Age Publishing, Inc; 2021.
8. Long K. Eight qualities of a great teacher mentor. Education Week. Published October 01, 2014.  Accessed May 1, 2026.  https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/opinion-eight-qualities-of-a-great-teacher-mentor/2014/10
9. Francke DE, Francke GN. Mirror to hospital pharmacy; a report of the audit of pharmaceutical service in hospitals. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists; 1964.
10. ASHP Accreditation Services Historical Data
11. Crist C. Amid a confidence crisis, Gen Z workers lack career mentorship, report finds. HR Dive. Published September 16, 2025. Accessed May 1, 2026. https://www.hrdive.com/news/confidence-crisis-gen-z-workers-lack-career-mentorship/760223/
12. Arendt H. The human condition. Charles R Walgreen Foundation lectures. University of Chicago Press; 1958.
13. Church RM. The seventh generation pharmacist. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2025;82(22):1215-1219. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaf181
14.  Zellmer WA. Searching for the soul of pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996;53(16):1911-1916. doi:10.1093/ajhp/53.16.1911